AVIA 300 Quiz 5,6,7,8 Liberty Answers

AVIA 300 Quiz 5,6,7,8

AVIA 300 Quiz 5 Human Safety and Culture

Covers the Learn material from your textbook in Module 5: Week 5.

The terms “pilot error” or “human error” are often used to simplify com-plex sets of causal and contributory factors with the result that safety measures can be focused on individual actions rather than higher systemic factors.
The Oxford English Dictionary describes culture as the “attitudes and behavior characteristic of a particular social group.”
Around 1980 and 1981, what two airlines led the CRM movement globally? (select all that apply)
To assess the TEM aspects of a situation, aviation processionals should:
This part of the SHELL model are the physical elements of a system, which in aviation may include aircraft, airports, ground vehicles, air traffic control systems, and their constituent components.
There are two main approaches to the study of organizational theory. This approach focused on the more intangible characteristics of organizations.
The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health suggests that controlling exposure to hazards in the workplace is vital to protecting workers (and passengers).
Trust is an intangible element of commercial aviation which allows the system to produce not only high levels of safety performance but also to maintain its viability as a business.
How are aircraft engines numbered on aircraft?
Which “generation” of CRM introduced the Threat and Error Management (TEM)?
If managers do not understand or are not actively engaged with their organization’s safety culture, it is more likely than not that their organizational culture is managing them.
Culture is characterized by what?
There are two main approaches to the study of organizational theory. This approach identifies the numerous systems, structures, policies, and procedures identified within an organization.
Another key principle of safety culture management is in the ownership of _______.
Utilizing safety culture as a means of deliberately managing anxiety in your organization may seem paradoxical to the principles of trust and justness but it serves as an example of how the management of safety culture can require some counterintuitive strategies.
By 1985 only ______ air carriers in the United States had full CRM programs.
The correlation between an authentic commitment to safety culture from senior management and an organization’s safety performance may suggest how safety culture should NOT be managed.
The importance of authentic safety leadership at the very top of an organization cannot be under-stated. IATA recently emphasized the importance of this principle by enacting a safety leadership charter. What are some of the guiding principles?
No accident is the result of a _________ action(s) and this one revealed a range of issues that needed to be resolved.
In the world of safety culture, nothing should be quite so terrifying as ___________.
When was Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) officially “born”?
Most of the cultural research work in commercial aviation originates in _______?
This part of the SHELL model describes the human element of the aviation system, covering the human performance aspects of pilots, cabin crew, air traffic controllers, maintenance engineers, managers, passengers, and so on.
Humans are not excellent problem solvers, but even this strength has a downside.
Aviation _________ focused on understanding, initially at least, how the pilot’s mind worked and latterly, other aviation disciplines such as air trac control and maintenance.

AVIA 300 Quiz 6 Humans as the Challenge & Solution

Covers the Learn material from your textbook in Module 6: Week 6.

Most aviation roles require teamwork, even in the case of a single pilot operation.
We must recognize that causal errors in commercial aviation accidents almost always have some link to cognitive processes.
The principle of human-centered design creates the opportunity to ensure that the human is best positioned to draw on their strengths and complement the technology.
In a system as complex as commercial aviation, effective decision-making will always rely on timely access to high-quality information.
The notion of just culture is built on a sense of fairness where the subtleties of human errors and violations are acknowledged.
This type of error occurs when, despite a generally good performance, an isolated error occurs.
Sharing of the lessons from serious incidents and accidents has been standard since ICAO first published Annex 13: Aircraft Accident Investigation in 1951.
ICAO describes five principles that illustrate how human performance is influenced by different factors: (select all that apply)
This type of error may be observed where there is no clear pattern to the shots and many factors may influence such variability.
What trait is in the middle of the CRM pyramid Model?
The three levels of Situational Awareness are?
When things do go wrong, it is important to ensure we fully understand the reasons that lie behind them and to also ask whether the system should have been able to cope with something as predictable as human error.
This has become a popular way of describing the ideal combination of technical systems and their human operators?
The effects of a poor decision on the safety culture of an organization may be severe, especially as anyone feeling like they have been treated unjustly is likely to share their dissatisfaction widely.
Lessons have tended to be learned the hard way—sometimes known as ________ safety.
More recently, operators, maintainers and air navigation service providers have started to adopt a “_________” approach.
Essentially, three reasons explain why people make poor decisions:
The FAA explains fitness for duty in FAR 117.5 as being “physiologically and men-tally prepared and capable of performing assigned duties at the highest degree of safety.”
Errors are often the symptom of deeper issues or at least the consequence of several contributory and exacerbating factors.
refers to how pilots use mental processes to consistently determine how best to respond to a given set of circumstances
Professor James Reason classifies errors into three types. What are they?
_______ safety data creates the opportunity for deep learning through trend analysis.
Commonly cited studies argue that between __% and __% of all aviation accidents are attributable to human error somewhere in the chain of causation.
In the context of safety, leadership can be defined as “the process by which an individual influences the behavior and attitudes of others toward a common goal.”
What flight is considered the Miracle on the Hudson?

AVIA 300 Quiz Safety Systems

Covers the Learn material from your textbook in Module 7: Week 7.

Safety-I assumes that things go well because people simply follow the procedures and work as imagined.
SMS is a formal and standardized framework for managing a safety program based on accepted business and scientific processes.
This is a system state that occurs within a certain context?
This includes training, communication, and other actions to create a positive safety culture within all levels of the workforce.
What are parts within Subset A: Managing risk of saturation. (select all that apply)
Safety Risk Management begins with a clear understanding of an organization’s functional systems, which are analyzed by experienced operational and technical personnel to detect the presence of hazards.
What aircraft series has been one of the most important sources of revenue for Boeing?
This type of safety responds to events that have already happened, such as incidents and accidents.
This type of safety tries to analyze system processes and environment to identify potential and future safety problems.
This type of safety actively seeks the identification of hazardous conditions through the analysis of the organizations processes.
This evaluates the continued effectiveness of implemented risk control strategies, and supports the identification of new hazards.
What are the four concepts or views of resilience?
Safety-II assumes that things go well because people always make what they consider sensible adjustments to cope with current and future situational demands
Newer safety systems have become increasingly software dependent, and the way people interact with the software has become critical.
This is the underlying theoretical basis for the analysis of the rate in which systems fail, and the most current hazard analysis models are based on.
What is considered a large part of Safety Promotion?
The goal of safety management systems is ultimately to identify hazards and mitigate them before they lead to an accident.
In an effort to encourage more reporting, NASA in the United States created what reporting system?
What is the formula for Risk?
Why was the first pilot union created?
ICAO outlines what internal safety audits should consist of. They are:
What is one part within Subset C: Outmaneuvering constraints.
Resilience is, generally, the ability of something to be able to exceed its normal boundaries and then recover to a safe state.
This is the focus on creating an environment for effective safety management which lays the foundation for the organization’s safety culture.
This is a set of things that act together as a whole to achieve some common goal, objective, or end?

AVIA 300 Quiz 8: Final

Working to maintain the highest levels of airline safety is an enormous challenge. The depth and breadth of ALPA’s air safety structure, and the critical role it plays in meeting that challenge, are unique in the air transportation industry.
A small part of safety promotion involves the critical need for communication.
According to the textbook, what is a Recommendation?
According to the textbook, what is a Finding?
It is NOT desirable to ensure that the automation and systems operated by pilots are relatively similar between different types of aircraft in a given airline. Doing so reduces training costs and prevents negative transfer of habit patters as pilots transfer between aircraft types during a career. Maintenance costs are also reduced from such an approach.
Annex 6 to the Chicago Convention deals with International Commercial Air Transport. Amendment 33 of Annex 6 sets the stage for international awareness and implementation of SMS by the world’s airlines. It provides that ICAO member States shall require its operators to implement an SMS that as a minimum:
We investigate accidents to prevent future ones.
What are some of the NTSB’s items from their most wanted list?
An additional role of unions is to stimulate _______ awareness among individual pilots to enable flight crewmembers to be constructive critics of the airspace system.
An ideal airline SMS would have limited resources to manage the safety demands of the business.
Automation is not beneficial because it can slow aid human decision making.
Some investigators ask themselves three questions to test if a finding is indeed causal. This is often called the three-step causation test. What are those questions? (select all that apply)
A great leap forward for commercial transport airplanes occurred with the development of the _________, a military jet bomber that first flew on December 17, 1947, the 44th anniversary of the Wright brothers’ first flight.
a display that allows pilots to see through low-visibility weather, could become commonplace in the cockpit of the future.
Development of¬¬¬ _________, such as movable aerodynamic surfaces on wings to increase and decrease lift as a function of phase of flight, had to keep pace with the transition from piston engine to jetliner operations.
According to the textbook, what is a Cause?
_________ are conducted by operating departments of the organization.
From a human factors point of view, major changes in NextGen flight decks also provide new opportunities for human error and significant training challenges.
The NTSB aviation accident database contains information dating from ______ about civil aviation accidents and selected incidents within the United States, its territories and possessions, and in international waters.
The flight management system (FMS) is an integration of four major systems:
The FAA’s principal investigator at an accident is also called the
Since the _____ lacks regulatory authority over the ______ and aviation industry, one of its most important functions is to strongly recommend and advocate appropriate _____ actions that will improve aviation safety.
Aircraft accidents prompt strong emotional responses and confusion.
In the right setting, automation can increase capacity and productivity, reduce manual workload, and provide precise handing of routine operations.
Despite numerous avenues for people to address safety in a proactive way, one of the major challenges to the above systems is that there are no robust frameworks to synthesize all the data. All of the systems work independently of each other, making it hard to combine information for a holistic view of aviation problems.
NextGen is the United States’ new national airspace system set to be in place by 2025.
From Chapter 2, Aeronautical Decision-Making, of the PHAK within Figure 2-4, The Five Hazardous Attitudes, what is the attitude of people who frequently feel the need to do something, anything, immediately.
The U.S. space program today includes three sectors:
is training and communicating other actions to create a positive safety culture within all levels of the workforce.
Radar keeps track of aircraft position in real time, but coverage begins to lessen more than 150 miles from the coast and in remote airspaces.
The significant increases in commercial air travel strain the planet’s airspace, especially when coupled with the explosive growth of unmanned aircraft systems (aka “drones”).
North America remains the busiest region in the world for air traffic.
From Chapter 2, Aeronautical Decision-Making, of the PHAK within Figure 2-4, The Five Hazardous Attitudes, what are pilots who are always trying to prove that they are better than anyone else think, “I can do it—I’ll show them.”
The radar sweeps the area it covers with a radio wave and recognizes flying objects. Typically, it takes a radar dish _______ to rotate.
From the FAA’s, “Avoid the Dirty Dozen” safety list; What is the failure to work together to complete a shared goal?
which provides digital datalink for transmission of short messages via air band radio or satellite between ground stations and aircraft.
The MOST WANTED LIST is the NTSB road map from lessons learned to lives saved. They urge lawmakers, industry, and every American to learn more about what they can do to implement and champion these critical safety improvements.
A future area in commercial aviation safety may be expanding awareness of software failure modes and the vulnerabilities of software to intentional attack by terrorists.
From Chapter 2, Aeronautical Decision-Making, of the PHAK within Figure 2-4, The Five Hazardous Attitudes, these pilots do not see themselves as being able to make a great deal of difference in what happens to them.
Cyber threats will continue to persist in the 21st century and may possibly grow, so there will continue to be a need to protect ________, _________, and the _________________ systems as the number of passengers and flights increase internationally.
Four months after the crash of Germanwings Flight 9525, in response to the preliminary investigative report and due to the lack of current standardized guidance across the world, the EASA produced several recommendations for consideration by the European Commission.
From the FAA’s, “Avoid the Dirty Dozen” safety list; What is the failure to transmit, receive, or provide enough information to complete a task?
From the FAA’s, “Avoid the Dirty Dozen” safety list; What is a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes physical or mental tension?
Commercial aviation has managed safety in one way or another since the dawn of flight, but over the last decade, regulating government agencies has created a useful business approach to accident prevention described as ______________.
One advantage is that RNP allows pilots to land in hazardous weather conditions that might otherwise require holding, diversion, or even cancellations. Its precision and reliability ultimately can help air traffic controllers to minimize delayed flights and reduce traffic congestion
In addition to expected increases in traditional commercial air traffic, worldwide airspace is under growing pressure by a new type of user. What is this new user?
is determining the need for and adequacy of new and revised risk controls based on the assessment of acceptable risks.
Accident investigators count on several major skills to perform their duties:
The NTSB MOST WANTED LIST, is the NTSB’s premier advocacy tool, identifies the top safety improvements that can be made across all modes to prevent accidents, minimize injuries, and save lives in the future. These issue areas are ripe for action now; if addressed, they would make a significant impact.
One recommendation that the U.S. Department of Homeland Security has suggested to prepare pilots for handling missile threats is to increase pilot training, such as putting pilots through specific simulator exercises using missile attack situations.

AVIA 300 Quiz 5,6,7,8

AVIA 300 Quiz 5 Human Safety and Culture

AVIA 300 Quiz 6 Humans as the Challenge & Solution

AVIA 300 Quiz Safety Systems

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