AVIA 300 Quiz 2

AVIA 300 Quiz 2

AVIA 300: Quiz: Why do Accidents Happen and Investigations

1. Most countries have an agency which is nominated as being responsible for investigating civil aviation accidents. In the United States that responsibility falls on the
2. The findings tell the ________ story of the relevant parts of the accident, including those elements that were found to not be part of the sequence leading to the accident
3. The “Black Boxes” are considered what two items? (select all that apply)
4. Episodic framing would not include or discuss broader issues of flight safety across the industry or risk technology changes which might give the story more context.
5. Accident investigators must seek out the _____ of the accident.
6. Effective aviation safety management must NOT constantly reevaluate system performance to maintain and improve safety standards.
7. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has how many regional offices?
8. The sole purpose of the post-accident safety investigation is to prevent future accidents and incidents.
9. What is considered the backbone of the aviation safety system?
10. The basic idea of Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is that we can differentiate between
11. What industry promoted the term “accident”?
12. Accident investigators are forced to tread a fine line when reporting—they have an obligation to protect the evidence given to them and the people who supplied it, but they must also provide enough detail and context to assure the reader that an inference, conclusion, or recommendation is justified.
13. An investigation that succumbs to bias, misses key evidence, or fails to deliver meaningful recommendations can have an overall detrimental effect on the aviation safety system
14. Herbert William Heinrich suggested that accidents occur following a succession of related events sometimes referred to as a
15. The word accident is commonly used to describe something unintended or unexpected and generally harmful or unwelcome.
16. The investigative team will prioritize the collection of what first?
17. Safety Investigation Agencies (SAI) mitigate the hazards on the accident site through the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and dynamic risk assessments.
18. Once the _____________ has arrived on site, established control, and can work safely, the process of evidence gathering can begin.
19. When researching data from multiple accident scenarios, it is perhaps unsurprising that some safety analysts will begin to NOT recognize patterns and trends in these complex events.
20. When did the term “accident” start being actively promoted?
21. What are some of the items described in the definition section of Annex 13 of the Chicago Convention for defining cause?
22. Over the last century, the way in which we perceive the cause and nature of accidents has largely been determined by the predominant social and scientific theories of our time.
23. The Human Factors Analysis Classification Systems (HFACS) consists of what four taxonomies based on James Reason’s Swiss Cheese model (SCM)?
24. The Swiss Cheese Model (SCM) promotes multiple layers of defense, or barriers, within an organization intended to protect it from failure.
25. What are two general approaches taken by the media in describing accidents? (select all that apply)

AVIA 300 Quiz 2: Why do accidents happen

1. The purpose of accident investigation is to:
2. Why are recommendations crafted in accident reports?
3. Proactive safety is part of an evolution in thinking that increasingly relies MORE and MORE on accident investigation and LESS on technology and voluntary reporting to detect hazards and control risks before accidents occur.
4. This component of the 5-Factor model refers to aviation technology and has made substantial advances over the years.
5. What is the difference between proactive and predictive safety?
6. According to US Air Force guidance on causation theory, an accident finding can be considered a “cause” if it is: (select all that apply)
7. What factor is in the middle of the circle of the 5-Factor model?
8. Examples of real-world problems using Reason’s Swiss Cheese model would include the following: (select all that apply)
9. Reason’s model of accident causation focuses on understanding incidents and accidents and their contributing factors.
10. Aircraft Accidents are extremely complex, thus why do accident models (Swiss cheese model, SHELL model, 5-factor model) help to understand the how and why accidents happen?
11. strategies should be developed to reinforce defenses to human errors.
12. The “Swiss cheese,” SHELL, and 5-Factor models, all have one common element: the fact that accidents are caused by more than one factor, a core principle of accident theory called multi-causality.
13. This component of the SHELL model refers to the procedures, checklists, and training?
14. Describe in a few sentences, why is “liveware” in the center of the SHELL model?
15. This is the relationship between the human and other people in the workplace. Communication styles and techniques are important here. Crew Resource Management (CRM) training has made great strides in this area.
16. Within the SHELL model, which of the so-called “4 Ps” of human performance deal with personal issues or tension?
17. Accident investigators must seek out the _____ of the accident.
18. What is the trend of aviation safety management?
19. Failures normally arise in three distinct phases in the life of a component. Which failure is caused by inadequate design or manufacture, usually occur early in its life?
20. What are the methods that the NTSB classifies accidents?
21. The main goal of accident investigations is to establish the probable causes of accidents and to recommend control measures. Because most aviation accidents involve a complex maze of diverse events and causes, classifying or categorizing these accidents by type or cause gets quite complicated and involved.
22. What new technology will be available to the flight crews and controllers during the
    next decade that will allow clearances, weather, and traffic information to be provided on the flight deck in a fast, error-free, digital form?
23. The “Swiss Cheese” model is based on the concept that accidents have root causes that are often based on _____ actions or _____ of actions at the management levels of an organization.
24. has no purpose, is unpredictable, and uncontrollable, but yet can determine the outcome of an event both favorably and unfavorably.
25. The ________ (environment) in which aircraft operations take place, equipment is used, and personnel work directly affects safety.